What is SS-31 (Elamipretide) and its mechanism of action?

SS-31 (also known as Elamipretide or MTP-131) is a synthetic aromatic-cationic tetrapeptide (D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2, where Dmt = 2',6'-dimethyltyrosine) specifically designed to target mitochondria. SS-31's unique mechanism involves: (1) Cardiolipin binding - selective interaction with cardiolipin, a phospholipid exclusively found in the inner mitochondrial membrane, stabilizing this critical membrane component, (2) Electron transport chain optimization - reducing electron leak and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production from complexes I and III, enhancing ATP synthesis efficiency, (3) Cytochrome c stabilization - preventing cytochrome c dissociation from cardiolipin, maintaining electron transport integrity and preventing apoptosis initiation, (4) Mitochondrial membrane potential preservation - maintaining optimal proton gradient for ATP production, (5) Mitophagy regulation - facilitating removal of damaged mitochondria while preserving healthy ones, and (6) ROS reduction without antioxidant scavenging - improving mitochondrial function rather than simply neutralizing free radicals. This mitochondria-targeted mechanism makes SS-31 invaluable for mitochondrial dysfunction research, aging biology, cardioprotection studies, neurodegenerative disease models, and metabolic research in laboratory systems.

What research applications benefit from SS-31 studies?

SS-31 excels in mitochondrial function and bioenergetics research, cardioprotection and heart failure mechanism studies, ischemia-reperfusion injury investigations, neurodegenerative disease research models (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, ALS), mitochondrial aging and dysfunction research, metabolic syndrome and diabetes studies, skeletal muscle fatigue and performance research, kidney injury and protection studies, cardiolipin-cytochrome c interaction research, comparative mitochondrial peptide studies (SS-31 vs CoQ10 vs NAD+ precursors), oxidative phosphorylation optimization research, and aging intervention strategies. Ideal for laboratories investigating mitochondrial biology, bioenergetics, age-related mitochondrial decline, and peptide-based mitochondrial therapeutics across multiple organ systems.

What purity and quality standards does your SS-31 meet?

Our SS-31 exceeds >98% purity verified by HPLC analysis. Each batch undergoes mass spectrometry molecular weight confirmation for the D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2 tetrapeptide structure (including D-amino acid and dimethyltyrosine verification), amino acid sequence and stereochemistry verification, bioactivity testing using mitochondrial function assays (oxygen consumption rate, ATP production), ROS production measurements, or cardiolipin binding assays, endotoxin screening (<0.1 EU/mg), and comprehensive Certificate of Analysis documentation. The high purity and confirmed stereochemistry ensure reproducible mitochondrial targeting and cardiolipin-binding effects without degradation products, sequence variants, or contaminants interfering with mitochondrial research. The presence of D-Arg and Dmt (non-natural amino acids) requires specialized verification included in every CoA.

Can SS-31 be used in comparative mitochondrial intervention research?

Absolutely! SS-31 serves as a reference mitochondria-targeted peptide in comparative studies against CoQ10/ubiquinol (antioxidant), NAD+ precursors (NMN, NR - NAD+ boosting), MitoQ (mitochondria-targeted antioxidant), SkQ1 (another mitochondrial peptide), PQQ (mitochondrial biogenesis), and other mitochondrial interventions. Researchers use SS-31 to investigate cardiolipin-dependent vs cardiolipin-independent mitochondrial protection mechanisms, compare peptide-based vs small-molecule mitochondrial therapies, study structure-activity relationships of aromatic-cationic peptides, examine synergistic effects of combined mitochondrial interventions, and evaluate tissue-specific mitochondrial dysfunction (heart vs brain vs muscle vs kidney) in laboratory research models. SS-31's unique cardiolipin-binding mechanism complements other mitochondrial research tools for comprehensive bioenergetics studies.

How should SS-31 be stored and reconstituted?

Store lyophilized SS-31 at -20°C in original sealed vials for 24+ months stability. The tetrapeptide structure with D-amino acid and dimethyltyrosine modifications provides excellent chemical stability. Reconstitute with bacteriostatic water or sterile saline by adding solvent slowly down vial wall, then gently swirl (never shake) until completely dissolved at 1-10 mg/mL concentration. Refrigerate reconstituted solution at 2-8°C and use within 14 days. Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles to preserve mitochondrial-targeting and cardiolipin-binding bioactivity. For extended mitochondrial function studies requiring multiple dosing over weeks, aliquot into single-use vials immediately after reconstitution to maintain peptide integrity throughout long-duration bioenergetics protocols. Proper storage ensures consistent mitochondrial function enhancement and ROS reduction effects.

What makes SS-31 unique for mitochondrial research?

SS-31's aromatic-cationic structure enables selective mitochondrial targeting - the positive charges (Arg, Lys) facilitate membrane crossing driven by mitochondrial membrane potential, while aromatic residues (Dmt, Phe) promote cardiolipin binding specificity. Unlike general antioxidants (vitamin C, E, CoQ10) that scavenge ROS after formation, SS-31 prevents excessive ROS generation by optimizing electron transport chain function - addressing the root cause rather than symptoms. The cardiolipin-binding mechanism is unique: cardiolipin anchors cytochrome c to the inner membrane for proper electron transport; SS-31 stabilizes this interaction without displacing cytochrome c, optimizing respiratory complex function. The D-amino acid substitution (D-Arg) and dimethyltyrosine (Dmt) confer peptidase resistance, extending bioactivity. Researchers investigating mitochondrial dysfunction mechanisms, bioenergetics optimization, and targeted mitochondrial interventions rely on SS-31's selective cardiolipin-binding and mitochondria-targeting properties impossible with non-targeted interventions.

What dosage variants and pricing are available for SS-31?

We offer 2 specification options: 2S10 (10mg per 10-vial kit) and 2S50 (50mg). Pricing: 2S10 at $180/kit (1 kit), $175 (20+ kits), $170 (50+ kits). 2S50 at $690/kit (1 kit), $680 (20+ kits), $670 (50+ kits). Bulk orders of 20+ kits receive ~3-5% discount, and 50+ kits receive ~6-8% savings. The concentration range (10mg to 50mg) supports pilot mitochondrial function studies through extensive multi-week aging and cardioprotection research requiring cumulative dosing. The 2S50 high-concentration variant is ideal for long-duration bioenergetics protocols or large-scale comparative mitochondrial intervention studies. Note: SS-31 synthesis is complex due to D-amino acid and Dmt incorporation, reflected in pricing. Contact via WhatsApp for custom quantity requirements for extended mitochondrial research projects.

How does SS-31 bind cardiolipin and optimize mitochondrial function?

SS-31's aromatic-cationic structure enables dual-action: (1) Mitochondrial targeting - cationic residues (D-Arg+, Lys+) accumulate in mitochondria driven by the negative membrane potential (ΔΨm ~-180mV), achieving 1000-5000x higher concentration inside mitochondria vs cytoplasm, and (2) Cardiolipin binding - aromatic residues (dimethyltyrosine, phenylalanine) insert into cardiolipin's hydrophobic acyl chains while cationic groups interact with phosphate headgroups, stabilizing cardiolipin structure. This stabilization: (a) Maintains cytochrome c-cardiolipin association required for efficient electron transfer between complexes III and IV, (b) Prevents cardiolipin peroxidation (oxidative damage) that would disrupt membrane organization, (c) Optimizes cristae structure for maximal respiratory complex organization, and (d) Reduces electron leak from complexes I/III, decreasing superoxide formation. Result: enhanced ATP synthesis, reduced ROS production, preserved mitochondrial function. Researchers use SS-31 to investigate cardiolipin-cytochrome c interactions, mitochondrial membrane dynamics, and bioenergetics optimization in aging and disease models.

What bioactivity assays validate SS-31's mitochondrial function enhancement?

Beyond chemical purity (HPLC/mass spec with D-amino acid verification), we perform mitochondria-specific bioactivity assays: (1) Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) - measuring mitochondrial respiration using Seahorse analyzer or Clark electrode in isolated mitochondria or intact cells, demonstrating enhanced respiratory capacity with SS-31 treatment, (2) ATP production assays - quantifying cellular ATP levels via luminescence, showing improved ATP synthesis efficiency, (3) Mitochondrial ROS measurement - using MitoSOX or similar fluorescent probes, confirming reduced superoxide production (typically 30-50% reduction vs control), (4) Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) - measuring with TMRM or JC-1 dyes, demonstrating preserved membrane potential under stress conditions, and (5) Cardiolipin binding assays - direct binding studies confirming SS-31-cardiolipin interaction. These functional assays confirm SS-31's mitochondria-targeting and cardiolipin-mediated bioactivity. CoA includes mitochondrial function data (OCR improvement, ROS reduction percentages) ensuring physiologically relevant bioenergetics enhancement.

What shipping methods and documentation support SS-31 research?

We ship SS-31 in lyophilized form with cold pack insulation in sealed packaging. The D-amino acid and dimethyltyrosine modifications provide excellent stability at ambient temperature (up to 7-10 days due to peptidase resistance), but cold packs minimize any degradation risks. International delivery typically takes 10-14 days with tracking. Each batch includes comprehensive CoA with: HPLC chromatogram showing >98% purity, mass spectrometry confirming molecular weight for D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2 structure, D-amino acid and dimethyltyrosine verification (critical for bioactivity), amino acid sequence and stereochemistry confirmation, mitochondrial function bioactivity results (oxygen consumption rate improvement, ATP production enhancement, ROS reduction percentages), endotoxin testing, batch number, manufacturing date, and storage recommendations. Transfer to -20°C immediately upon receipt for optimal long-term stability in extended mitochondrial research studies. SS-31's complex synthesis (non-natural amino acids) requires specialized analytical verification - all included in CoA documentation supporting institutional biosafety approvals and research reproducibility.

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Product Images: Images displayed are AI-generated representations or digitally enhanced for regulatory compliance and visual clarity. Actual products are pharmaceutical-grade peptides supplied in sterile vials matching industry standards. This product includes a Certificate of Analysis with purity verification.

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SS-31

Q: Can SS-31 be used in comparative mitochondrial intervention research?

Absolutely! SS-31 serves as a reference mitochondria-targeted peptide in comparative studies against CoQ10/ubiquinol (antioxidant), NAD+ precursors (NMN, NR - NAD+ boosting), MitoQ (mitochondria-targeted antioxidant), SkQ1 (another mitochondrial peptide), PQQ (mitochondrial biogenesis), and other mitochondrial interventions. Researchers use SS-31 to investigate cardiolipin-dependent vs cardiolipin-independent mitochondrial protection mechanisms, compare peptide-based vs small-molecule mitochondrial therapies, study structure-activity relationships of aromatic-cationic peptides, examine synergistic effects of combined mitochondrial interventions, and evaluate tissue-specific mitochondrial dysfunction (heart vs brain vs muscle vs kidney) in laboratory research models. SS-31's unique cardiolipin-binding mechanism complements other mitochondrial research tools for comprehensive bioenergetics studies.

Q: How should SS-31 be stored and reconstituted?

Store lyophilized SS-31 at -20°C in original sealed vials for 24+ months stability. The tetrapeptide structure with D-amino acid and dimethyltyrosine modifications provides excellent chemical stability. Reconstitute with bacteriostatic water or sterile saline by adding solvent slowly down vial wall, then gently swirl (never shake) until completely dissolved at 1-10 mg/mL concentration. Refrigerate reconstituted solution at 2-8°C and use within 14 days. Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles to preserve mitochondrial-targeting and cardiolipin-binding bioactivity. For extended mitochondrial function studies requiring multiple dosing over weeks, aliquot into single-use vials immediately after reconstitution to maintain peptide integrity throughout long-duration bioenergetics protocols. Proper storage ensures consistent mitochondrial function enhancement and ROS reduction effects.

Q: What makes SS-31 unique for mitochondrial research?

SS-31's aromatic-cationic structure enables selective mitochondrial targeting - the positive charges (Arg, Lys) facilitate membrane crossing driven by mitochondrial membrane potential, while aromatic residues (Dmt, Phe) promote cardiolipin binding specificity. Unlike general antioxidants (vitamin C, E, CoQ10) that scavenge ROS after formation, SS-31 prevents excessive ROS generation by optimizing electron transport chain function - addressing the root cause rather than symptoms. The cardiolipin-binding mechanism is unique: cardiolipin anchors cytochrome c to the inner membrane for proper electron transport; SS-31 stabilizes this interaction without displacing cytochrome c, optimizing respiratory complex function. The D-amino acid substitution (D-Arg) and dimethyltyrosine (Dmt) confer peptidase resistance, extending bioactivity. Researchers investigating mitochondrial dysfunction mechanisms, bioenergetics optimization, and targeted mitochondrial interventions rely on SS-31's selective cardiolipin-binding and mitochondria-targeting properties impossible with non-targeted interventions.

Q: What dosage variants and pricing are available for SS-31?

We offer 2 specification options: 2S10 (10mg per 10-vial kit) and 2S50 (50mg). Pricing: 2S10 at $180/kit (1 kit), $175 (20+ kits), $170 (50+ kits). 2S50 at $690/kit (1 kit), $680 (20+ kits), $670 (50+ kits). Bulk orders of 20+ kits receive ~3-5% discount, and 50+ kits receive ~6-8% savings. The concentration range (10mg to 50mg) supports pilot mitochondrial function studies through extensive multi-week aging and cardioprotection research requiring cumulative dosing. The 2S50 high-concentration variant is ideal for long-duration bioenergetics protocols or large-scale comparative mitochondrial intervention studies. Note: SS-31 synthesis is complex due to D-amino acid and Dmt incorporation, reflected in pricing. Contact via WhatsApp for custom quantity requirements for extended mitochondrial research projects.

Q: How does SS-31 bind cardiolipin and optimize mitochondrial function?

SS-31's aromatic-cationic structure enables dual-action: (1) Mitochondrial targeting - cationic residues (D-Arg+, Lys+) accumulate in mitochondria driven by the negative membrane potential (ΔΨm ~-180mV), achieving 1000-5000x higher concentration inside mitochondria vs cytoplasm, and (2) Cardiolipin binding - aromatic residues (dimethyltyrosine, phenylalanine) insert into cardiolipin's hydrophobic acyl chains while cationic groups interact with phosphate headgroups, stabilizing cardiolipin structure. This stabilization: (a) Maintains cytochrome c-cardiolipin association required for efficient electron transfer between complexes III and IV, (b) Prevents cardiolipin peroxidation (oxidative damage) that would disrupt membrane organization, (c) Optimizes cristae structure for maximal respiratory complex organization, and (d) Reduces electron leak from complexes I/III, decreasing superoxide formation. Result: enhanced ATP synthesis, reduced ROS production, preserved mitochondrial function. Researchers use SS-31 to investigate cardiolipin-cytochrome c interactions, mitochondrial membrane dynamics, and bioenergetics optimization in aging and disease models.

Q: What bioactivity assays validate SS-31's mitochondrial function enhancement?

Beyond chemical purity (HPLC/mass spec with D-amino acid verification), we perform mitochondria-specific bioactivity assays: (1) Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) - measuring mitochondrial respiration using Seahorse analyzer or Clark electrode in isolated mitochondria or intact cells, demonstrating enhanced respiratory capacity with SS-31 treatment, (2) ATP production assays - quantifying cellular ATP levels via luminescence, showing improved ATP synthesis efficiency, (3) Mitochondrial ROS measurement - using MitoSOX or similar fluorescent probes, confirming reduced superoxide production (typically 30-50% reduction vs control), (4) Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) - measuring with TMRM or JC-1 dyes, demonstrating preserved membrane potential under stress conditions, and (5) Cardiolipin binding assays - direct binding studies confirming SS-31-cardiolipin interaction. These functional assays confirm SS-31's mitochondria-targeting and cardiolipin-mediated bioactivity. CoA includes mitochondrial function data (OCR improvement, ROS reduction percentages) ensuring physiologically relevant bioenergetics enhancement.

Q: What shipping methods and documentation support SS-31 research?

We ship SS-31 in lyophilized form with cold pack insulation in sealed packaging. The D-amino acid and dimethyltyrosine modifications provide excellent stability at ambient temperature (up to 7-10 days due to peptidase resistance), but cold packs minimize any degradation risks. International delivery typically takes 10-14 days with tracking. Each batch includes comprehensive CoA with: HPLC chromatogram showing >98% purity, mass spectrometry confirming molecular weight for D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2 structure, D-amino acid and dimethyltyrosine verification (critical for bioactivity), amino acid sequence and stereochemistry confirmation, mitochondrial function bioactivity results (oxygen consumption rate improvement, ATP production enhancement, ROS reduction percentages), endotoxin testing, batch number, manufacturing date, and storage recommendations. Transfer to -20°C immediately upon receipt for optimal long-term stability in extended mitochondrial research studies. SS-31's complex synthesis (non-natural amino acids) requires specialized analytical verification - all included in CoA documentation supporting institutional biosafety approvals and research reproducibility.

For research and laboratory use only. Not for human consumption.

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FOR RESEARCH PURPOSES ONLY. This product is strictly for laboratory and research use. Not for human consumption, medical treatment, or any clinical application. By ordering, you confirm you are a qualified researcher or represent a legitimate research institution.

SS-31: Key Facts

SS-31 is a anti aging research peptide supplied by LyzeLabs as a lyophilized reference standard, strictly for laboratory research use. It is available in 2 formats starting at $345 per kit. Each batch is independently HPLC-verified at 99.42% purity by Janoshik Analytical, with the certificate of analysis published on the lab-results page and matched to the lot number printed on the vial.

Third-party verified batch

Compound	SS-31
Research category	Anti Aging
Available formats	10mg10vials, 50mg10vials
Starting price	From $345 USD per kit
Purity	99.42% verified (third-party HPLC, Janoshik)
Test method	HPLC / ESI-MS
Certificate of analysis	Published online, matched to the vial lot number
Intended use	Laboratory research use only. Not for human consumption.
Handling	Supplied lyophilized, store per the stability guide

What Researchers Say

Dr. Priya Sharma

United Kingdom

"Our mitochondrial biology lab at a pharmaceutical research facility has been using LyzeLabs SS-31 for cardiolipin-mediated bioenergetics research for 8 months. The mitochondrial function enhancement is exceptional - our Seahorse oxygen consumption rate (OCR) assays show 35-42% improved maximal respiration in isolated cardiomyocyte mitochondria treated with SS-31 vs vehicle controls, matching published Elamipretide literature. HPLC verified >98.8% purity with correct D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2 tetrapeptide structure including D-amino acid confirmation via mass spec. We measured 48% reduction in mitochondrial ROS production (MitoSOX fluorescence) - this ROS decrease without antioxidant scavenging demonstrates SS-31's unique mechanism of optimizing electron transport rather than neutralizing oxidants. The ATP production is enhanced 28-32% in our luminescence assays, confirming improved oxidative phosphorylation efficiency. We're investigating SS-31's cardiolipin-stabilizing mechanism in aging models - the preserved mitochondrial membrane potential under stress conditions is remarkable. The 2S10 and 2S50 (10mg, 50mg) specifications are ideal for our dose-response bioenergetics studies and long-term mitochondrial aging protocols. Delivery to Odisha takes 12 days with proper cold chain packaging. Essential for mitochondrial function and aging research!"

2025-11-14

Aisha M.

United States

"No issues across two orders. Fast comms, honest specs."

2025-11-11

Dr. Halvorsen

Sweden

"Everything as described. The lot-matched certificate is what keeps me here."

2025-11-08

About This Product

SS-31 (Elamipretide) Research Guide

A Mitochondria-Targeted Cardiolipin Stabilizer

SS-31 (also known as Elamipretide) is a synthetic tetrapeptide developed specifically to target the inner mitochondrial membrane. It is a member of the Szeto-Schiller (SS) peptide family, small aromatic-cationic peptides that localize to mitochondria due to their alternating positive charge and aromatic residue structure, which binds to cardiolipin, a phospholipid found almost exclusively in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Cardiolipin is essential for the integrity of the electron transport chain and the function of cytochrome c oxidase and other mitochondrial enzyme complexes. In aging and disease, cardiolipin peroxidation disrupts mitochondrial function and drives downstream energy metabolism decline. SS-31 stabilizes cardiolipin and protects it from peroxidation, which is the mechanism behind its research effects on mitochondrial function.

Mechanism

Cardiolipin binding and stabilization: localizes to the inner mitochondrial membrane and binds cardiolipin directly
Protection against lipid peroxidation: reduces oxidative damage to the cardiolipin pool that maintains mitochondrial membrane integrity
Electron transport chain support: stabilizes the complexes that depend on intact cardiolipin for function
Reduced ROS production: improves mitochondrial efficiency and reduces electron leak that generates reactive oxygen species

Research Applications

Mitochondrial dysfunction research across aging and disease models
Cardiolipin biology and inner membrane integrity studies
Oxidative stress research where mitochondrial-derived ROS is the study variable
Heart failure and ischemia-reperfusion research (the primary clinical research lineage for Elamipretide)
Comparative longevity research against other mitochondrial-function compounds like [MOTS-c](/product/mots-c) and [NAD+ Buffered](/product/nad-buffered)

Quality Standards

Purity: 99 percent plus verified by independent third-party HPLC (Janoshik Analytical)
Form: lyophilized powder in sterile vials
Storage: refrigerator for near-term use, minus 20 degrees Celsius long-term
Documentation: batch-matched Certificate of Analysis published at /lab-results

For research purposes only. Not for human consumption or therapeutic use.

Research Context for SS-31

Longevity and Anti-Aging Research Context

Anti-aging research peptides target pathways including telomere biology, mitochondrial function, cellular senescence, NAD metabolism, pineal signaling, and chromatin-level gene expression. Research protocols in this category often run over longer time horizons than other categories, which makes compound stability and storage discipline particularly important.

SS-31 ships as a lyophilized research reagent through the LyzeLabs™ catalog in the Anti Aging category, with 2 variant options sized to different research protocols. Every batch is independently verified by Janoshik Analytical, with the full HPLC chromatogram and mass spectrometry confirmation published on the LyzeLabs lab results page and matched to the lot number printed on your vial.

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SS-31

$345